据英国《独立报》11月2日报道，英国著名物理学家史蒂芬·霍金（Stephen Hawking）在接受采访时说，人工智能（AI）能很快会成为一种新的生命形态，甚至某一天会超越人类。事实上，这并不是霍金第一次让人类警惕AI的发展。那么，这些年来，作为著名物理学家的霍金，他眼中的AI是什么样的？将对人类产生哪些影响？Yee君这就来帮你梳理一番↓
2017“AI将成为完全取代人类的新生命体”
Renowned physicist Prof Stephen Hawking has saidrobots will eventually completely replace humanity.
著名物理学家史蒂芬·霍金教授称，机器人终将完全取代人类。
Prof Hawking said that he believes artificial intelligence (AI) will eventually reach a level where it will essentially be a “new form of life that will outperform humans” in an interview with WIRED magazine.
霍金教授在接受《连线》杂志采访时说，相信人工智能（AI）将会发展成为“一种超越人类的新的生命形态”。
He said: “I fear that AI may replace humans altogether. If people design computer viruses, someone will design AI that improves and replicates itself. This will be a new form of life that outperforms humans.”
他说：“我担心AI可能会完全取代人类。如果有人能设计出计算机病毒，也会有人设计出能不断自我进化、复制的AI，到时候AI将会成为一种超越人类的新的生命形态。”
The 75-year-old also spoke of his belief that we need a new space age to entice young people to get involved in science and said there would be “serious consequences” if more people didn’t show an interest.
这位75岁的老人还谈到了自己的信念，他认为我们需要一个新的太空时代来吸引年轻人参与科学，如果更多的人对科学不感兴趣将会产生“严重的后果”。
He added that he thinks a new space programme should be worked on urgently by the science community “with a view to eventually colonising suitable planets for human habitation.”
霍金称，制定新的太空计划是当前科学界的迫切工作，“希望最终能找到宇宙中合适的行星作为人类另一个可以居住的地方。”
He continued: “I believe we have reachedthe point of no return. Our earth is becoming too small for us, global population is increasing at an alarming rate and we are in danger of self-destructing.”
他继续说：“我觉得我们人类已经到达了一个无法后退的临界点。地球对我们来说太小了，全球人口正在以惊人的速度增加，我们正处于自我毁灭的危险中。”
Earlier this year, he called for technology to be controlled in order to prevent it from destroying the human race, and said humans need to find a way to identify potential threats quickly, before they have a chance to escalate and endanger civilisation.
今年年初，他呼吁要控制技术的发展，防止技术毁灭人类，并说人类需要迅速搞清楚潜在的威胁，避免人工智能不断升级和危害文明。
2016“AI将毁灭或颠覆社会”
In October last year (2016), Prof Hawking said he believedAI would either destroy or transform society.
2016年10月，霍金教授称，相信AI将毁灭或颠覆社会。
▲霍金教授在剑桥大学举行的“未来智能中心”开幕仪式上发表演讲
Speaking at the launch of Cambridge University’s artificial intelligence centre last year Prof Hawking said: “I believe there is no deep difference between what can be achieved by a biological brain and what can be achieved by a computer.
去年，霍金教授在剑桥大学举行的“未来智能中心”开幕仪式上说：“我相信，生物大脑能够实现的目标和计算机能够实现的目标之间没有太大区别。”
“It therefore follows thatcomputers can, in theory, emulate human intelligence – and exceed it.
“因此，理论上说，计算机可以模拟人类的智慧并超越它。”
“Artificial intelligence is now progressing rapidly. Recent landmarks such as self-driving cars, or a computer winning at the game of Go, are signs of what is to come.
“现在AI正在迅速发展。近来AI领域的里程碑，比如之前提到的自动驾驶汽车，以及AI赢得围棋比赛，都是未来趋势的迹象。”
“Enormous levels of investment are pouring into this technology. The achievements we have seen so far will surely pale against what the coming decades will bring.”
“技术领域正在倾注巨大的投资。我们目前所取得的成就和未来几十年后可能取得的成就相比，必然相形见绌。”
He went on: “The potential benefits of creating intelligence are huge. We cannot predict what we might achieve, when our own minds are amplified by AI.
他接着说：“创造智能的潜在好处是巨大的。当我们的思想被AI扩大时，我们无法预测我们将实现哪些可能。”
“Perhaps with the tools of this new technological revolution, we will be able to undo some of the damage done to the natural world by the last one – industrialisation.
“或许，通过这场新技术革命的工具，我们将能消除上一个工业化过程对自然界造成的破坏。”
“And surely we will aim to finally eradicate disease and poverty. Every aspect of our lives will be transformed. In short, success in creating AI, could bethe biggest event in the history of our civilisation.”
“当然，我们的终极目标是根除疾病和贫困。我们生活的方方面面都将被改造，总之，成功创造AI可能是人类文明史上最重大的事件。”
Prof Hawking added: “We spend a great deal of time studying history, which, let’s face it, is mostly the history of stupidity.
霍金教授还补充说：“我们花了大量的时间研究历史，让我们面对现实吧，历史长河中的大部分都是愚蠢。”
“So it is awelcome changethat people are studying instead the future of intelligence.
“因此人们正在研究的是一个值得欢迎的变革，而不是智能的未来。”
“Intelligence is central to what it means to be human.
“智能对于人类而言至关重要。”
2015“AI可能会间接终结人类”
Back in 2015, he also expressed fears thatAI could grow so powerful it might end up killing humans unintentionally.
早在2015年，霍金曾担心AI将变得非常强大，最终可能会间接终结人类。
“The real risk with AI isn’t malice but competence,” he said. “A super intelligent AI will be extremely good at accomplishing its goals, and if those goals aren’t aligned with ours, we’re in trouble.”
他说：“AI的真正风险不是它的恶意，而是它的能力。一个超智能的人工智能在完成目标方面非常出色，如果这些目标与我们的目标不一致，我们就会陷入困境。”
2014“人类终将被AI超越”
He told the BBC in 2014:”The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race.”
2014年，霍金在接受BBC采访时表示：“AI的高速发展将预示着人类文明的终结。”
His warning came in response to a question about a revamp of the technology he uses to communicate, which involves a basic form of AI.
他的警告是为了回应一个关于他用来交流的技术革新的问题，这其中涉及到一种基本的人工智能。
But others are less gloomy about AI’s prospects.
不过其他人对于人工智能的前景并没有这么悲观。
The theoretical physicist, who has the motor neurone disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is using a new system developed by Intel to speak.
这位患有运动神经元疾病肌萎缩性侧索硬化症的理论物理学家，通过英特尔开发的全新系统来说话。
Machine learning experts from the British company Swiftkey were also involved in its creation. Their technology, already employed as a smartphone keyboard app, learns how the professor thinks and suggests the words he might want to use next.
英国Swiftkey公司的机器认知方面的专家也参加了这一系统的开发。这家公司的技术已经被用在智能手机的按键应用软件中，揣摩霍金教授的思想并推测他可能希望使用的词语。
Prof Hawking says the primitive forms of artificial intelligence developed so far have already proved very useful, but he fears the consequences of creating something that can match or surpass humans.
霍金教授说，人工智能目前的初步阶段已经证明非常有用，但他担心创造出媲美人类甚至超过人类的东西将要面对的后果。
“It would take off on its own, and re-design itself at an ever increasing rate,” he said.
他说：“它可能自行启动，以不断加快的速度重新设计自己。”
“Humans, who are limited by slow biological evolution, couldn’t compete, and would be superseded.”
“人类则局限于缓慢的生物进化过程，没有竞争力，最终将被超越。”
